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Japanese Particles ni and de

Japanese Particles に ni and で de: Two Different Kinds of Location

In this post we’ll look at the Japanese particles ni and de. These are sometimes confusing to learners of Japanese, because they both express location and can be translated as in or at. As we’ll see, there is a clear difference in usage. That difference lies in the type of verb that follows the particle. It all boils down to the question: is it about existing somewhere or about doing something somewhere?

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  ni: Location of Existence

First let’s look at the particle ni. This particle marks the location where someone or something exists. It’s primarily used with verbs like いる iru (to be, for people/animals) andある aru (to be, for objects). It can also be used to express static location with verbs like 住む sumu (to live) or 泊まる tomaru (to stay somewhere).

  • にいます
    Ie ni imasu.

     I am at home.
  • 猫が部屋にいます。
    Neko ga heya ni imasu.

    The cat is in the room.
  • 学校にいます。
    Gakkō ni imasu.

    I am at school.
  • 本はテーブルの上にあります。
    Hon wa tēburu no ue ni arimasu.

    The book is on the table.
  • 兄は東京に住んでいます。
    Ani wa Tōkyō ni sundeimasu.

     My older brother lives in Tokyo.
  • 私はホテルに泊まります。
    Watashi wa hoteru ni tomarimasu.
    I’ll be staying at a hotel.

ni: Destination of Movement

Don’t forget that the same particle ni expresses the destination of movement.  In this use, you will see it with motion verbs like 行く iku (to go), 来る kuru (to come), 帰る kaeru (to return, to go home), and 入る hairu (to enter).

  • 明日、東京に行きます。
    Ashita, Tōkyō ni ikimasu.

     I will go to Tokyo tomorrow.
  • 学校に行きます。
    Gakkō ni ikimasu.
    I go to school.
  • 歩いて仕事に行きます。
    Aruite shigoto ni ikimasu.

    I go to work on foot.
  • 今週末のパーティーには誰が来ますか。
    Konshūmatsu no pātī ni wa dare ga kimasu ka.

    Who’s coming to the party this weekend?
  • 部屋に入ります。
    Heya ni hairimasu.

    I enter the room.

de: Location of Action

Now let’s turn to de. This second location particle marks the location where an action takes place. Use it when you’re indicating what happens or what someone does in a certain place.

  • 学校で勉強します。
    Gakkō de benkyō shimasu.

    I study at school.
  • 公園で走ります。
    Kōen de hashirimasu.

    I run in the park.
  • レストランで昼ごはんを食べました。
    Resutoran de hiru-gohan o tabemashita.
    I ate lunch at a restaurant.
  • 毎週日曜日に公園で歩きます。
    Maishū nichiyōbi ni kōen de arukimasu.
    We walk in the park every Sunday.
  • リビングで座ります。
    Ribingu de suwarimasu.

    We sit down in the living room.

Practice

Finally, let’s wrap up with a short practice. Choose the correct particle ni or de. Then translate the full sentences.

  1. 学校_先生がいます。
    Gakkō _ sensei ga imasu.
  2. 学校_テストをします。
    Gakkō _ tesuto o shimasu.
  3. カフェ_友達に会いました。
    Kafe _ tomodachi ni aimashita.
  4. カフェ_行きました。
    Kafe _ ikimashita
  5. 部屋_テレビを見ます。
    Heya _ terebi o mimasu.
  6. 部屋_猫がいます。
    Heya _ neko ga imasu.
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Answer Key

  1. 学校に先生がいます。Gakkō ni sensei ga imasu.  The teacher is at school.
  2. 学校でテストをします。Gakkō de tesuto o shimasu.  I take a test at school.
  3. カフェで友達に会いました。Kafe de tomodachi ni aimashita.  I met my friend at the café.
  4. カフェに行きました。 Kafe ni ikimashita.  I went to the café.
  5. 部屋でテレビを見ます。Heya de terebi o mimasu.  I watch TV in the room.
  6. 部屋に猫がいます。 Heya ni neko ga imasu.  The cat is in the room.

Photo by Donald Tong