Adjectives in Spanish agree with the person or thing that they modify. That means that they change according to the gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun or pronoun they describe.
Regular Adjectives
Regular Spanish adjectives have four forms ending in: –o, –a, –os, –as. The form of an adjective that you see in the dictionary is the masculine singular form, usually ending in –o, so you’d see pequeño (small, little). But when you use pequeño, you’d adjust the endings:
un apartamento pequeño | a small apartment | masculine singular |
dos apartamentos pequeños | two small apartments | masculine plural |
una casa pequeña | a small house | feminine singular |
dos casa pequeñas | two small houses | feminine plural |
Let’s see some other examples.
masc. sing. | fem. sing. | masc. plu. | fem. plu. | |
bonito | bonita | bonitos | bonitas | beautiful |
feo | fea | feos | feas | ugly |
tonto | tonta | tontos | tontas | silly, foolish |
rico | rica | ricos | ricas | rich, delicious |
viejo | vieja | viejos | viejas | old |
negro | negra | negros | negras | black |
Practice 1
Let’s try a few examples to practice. The dictionary form of the adjective is given in parentheses. Choose the correct form, and see if you understand the sentences. Answers and translations are at the end of the post.
- Tengo un coche _____. (viejo)
- Tienen computadoras _____ en la tienda de electrónica. (nuevo)
- Es una universidad _____. (mexicano)
- Tus amigos son _____. (tonto)
- Las camisas _____ son muy _____. (negro, caro)
- Mi apartamento es _____ y _____. (pequeño, feo)
- Mi casa es _____ y _____. (pequeño, feo)
- Tu novia es muy _____, Joaquín. (serio)
- Esta autora es muy ____. (conocido)
- Mi padre es _____ y mi madre es _____. (bajo, alto)
- Los días son _____. (frío)
- Las noches son más _____. (corto)
Adjectives Ending in –e
If a Spanish adjective ends in –e in the singular, it has that one form for both masculine and feminine singular, and –es for both plurals.
singular | plural | |
grande | grandes | big |
amable | amables | nice |
interesante | interesantes | interesting |
Adjectives Ending in a Consonant
If a Spanish adjective ends in a consonant, it has that one form in the singular, and it adds –es in the plural. (But we’ll cover some exceptions below.) One thing to remember is that –z changes to –c before –es.
singular | plural | |
joven | jóvenes | young |
azul | azules | blue |
feliz | felices | happy |
capaz | capaces | capable, able |
Notice that joven (young, singular) becomes jóvenes (young, plural). The accent is added in the plural to show that the first syllable is stressed. This is because of regular Spanish stress rules, which you can read more about here. In a nutshell:
- Use the accent to mark a stressed syllable that doesn’t follow the normal stress rules.
- Joven is stressed on the second-to-last syllable, which is the regular rule. In the singular you don’t need an accent to mark this, since it’s the regular stress placement.
- When you add the –es to the plural, you have three syllables, and the stressed syllable is no longer the second-to-last, so you need to add the accent to mark it: jóvenes.
Shortened Adjectives
A few common Spanish adjectives have shortened forms (without the –o or –e ending) when they come before masculine singular nouns. For example, bueno (good) becomes buen, malo (bad) becomes mal, primero (first) becomes primer, and grande (big) becomes gran. Usually this is just for masculine singular nouns. But you’ll see gran before feminine singular nouns sometimes, too. Remember that these short forms are only used right before a noun, not after a verb. Compare:
- El estudiante es bueno.
The student is good. - Es un buen estudiante.
He’s a good student. - El día fue muy bueno.
The day was very good. - ¡Que tengas un buen día!
Have a good day! - Su casa es muy grande.
His/Her house is very big. - Vive en una gran casa.
He/She lives in a big house.
Practice 2
Let’s practice some of that. Again, the dictionary form of the adjective is given in parentheses. Choose the correct form, and see if you understand the sentences. Check answers and translations below.
- Nuestra hermana es muy _____. (amable)
- Niños, ¿por qué no están _____ hoy? (feliz)
- Sus hijas son _____. (joven)
- Las casas en este país son muy _____. (grande)
- Los exámenes son muy _____. (fácil)
- Me gustan mucho estos libros _____. (interesante)
- Hay una muy _____ pastelería cerca de tu hotel. (bueno)
- Eres un muy _____ estudiante, Gabriel. (bueno)
Nationalities
Spanish adjectives of nationality ending in consonants (inglés, francés, japonés, alemán, español…) add –a for feminine, then end in –es and –as in the plural.
masc. sing. | fem. sing. | masc. plu. | fem. plu. | |
inglés | inglesa | ingleses | inglesas | English |
japonés | japonesa | japoneses | japonesas | Japanese |
francés | francesa | franceses | francesas | French |
alemán | alemana | alemanes | alemanas | German |
español | española | españoles | españolas | Spanish |
Note again the accents. For example, inglés and alemán need the accents in the singular to indicate that the accent is not on the regular second-to-last syllable. But when you add –a, –es, or –as, you don’t need it any longer: ingleses, alemana, etc.
Adjectives Ending in –ista, –or, –ón/-án
If an adjective ends in –ista, it has one singular form in –a, and one plural form in –as.
masc. sing. | fem. sing. | masc. plu. | fem. plu. | |
comunista | comunista | comunistas | comunistas | communist |
idealista | idealista | idealistas | idealista | idealistic |
Adjectives that end in –or, –án/-ón, or –ín are exceptions to the rule about adjectives ending in consonants, and they have four forms. Just remember to remove the accent on –ón/-án or –ín before an ending.
masc. sing. | fem. sing. | masc. plu. | fem. plu. | |
trabajador | trabajadora | trabajadores | trabajadoras | hard-working |
encantador | encantadora | encantadores | encantadoras | enchanting |
burlón | burlona | burlones | burlonas | derisive |
cabezón | cabezona | cabezones | cabezonas | stubborn |
holgazán | holgazana | holgazanes | holgazanas | idle, lazy |
chiquitín | chiquitina | chiquitines | chiquitinas | tiny |
Practice 3
- Mis padres son muy _____. (trabajador)
- Los estudiantes en esta clase son _____. (idealista)
- Me gusta mucho la comida _____. (japonés)
- Me gusta las películas _____. ( francés)
- ¡Es una chica _____! (cabezón)
- Las ciudades _____ son hermosas. (español)
- Mis hermanos son _____. (holgazán)
- Son países _____. (comunista)
- Me gusta la literatura _____. (alemán)
- Tienen un nuevo cachorro _____. (chiquitín)
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Answers 1
- Tengo un coche viejo. I have an old car.
- Tienen computadoras nuevos en la tienda de electrónica. They have new computers in the electronics store.
- Es una universidad mexicana. It’s a Mexican university.
- Tus amigos son tontos. Your friends are foolish/silly.
- Las camisas negras son muy caras. The black shirts are very expensive.
- Mi apartamento es pequeño y feo. My apartment is small and ugly.
- Mi casa es pequeña y fea. My house is small and ugly.
- Tu novia es muy seria, Joaquín. Your girlfriend is very serious, Joaquín.
- Esta autora es muy conocida. This author is very well-known.
- Mi padre es bajo y mi madre es alta. My father is short and my mother is tall.
- Los días son fríos. The days are cold.
- Las noches son más cortas. The nights are shorter.
Answers 2
- Nuestra hermana es muy amable. Our sister is very nice/kind.
- Niños, ¿por qué no están felices hoy? Kids, why aren’t you happy today?
- Sus hijas son jóvenes. His/Her/Their/Your daughters are young.
- Las casas en este país son muy grandes. The houses in this country are very big.
- Los exámenes son muy fáciles. The exams are very easy.
- Me gustan mucho estos libros interesantes. I like these interesting books a lot.
- Hay una muy buena pastelería cerca de tu hotel. There’s a very good pastry shop near your hotel.
- Eres un muy buen estudiante, Gabriel. You’re a very good student, Gabriel.
Answers 3
- Mis padres son muy trabajadores. My parents are very hard-working.
- Los estudiantes en esta clase son idealistas. The students in this class are idealistic.
- Me gusta mucho la comida japonesa. I really like Japanese food.
- Me gusta las películas francesas. I like French films.
- ¡Es una chica cabezona! She’s a stubborn/hard-headed girl!
- Las ciudades españolas son hermosas. Spanish cities are beautiful.
- Mis hermanos son holgazanes. My brothers are lazy/idle.
- Son países comunistas. They’re communist countries.
- Me gusta la literatura alemana. I like German literature.
- Tienen un nuevo cachorro chiquitín. They have a tiny new puppy.
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